Because the last one got such a response, here's another Caplan blog post.
As a matter of sincere discourse, I found the most stimulating, interesting, probably-most-true-as-I-see-it critiques are to tenets 1, 2, 5, and 8. The hyperlinks are all dead, but point to corresponding sections of the syllabus for his labor economics class.
- Tenet #1: The main reason today’s workers have a decent standard of living is that government passed a bunch of laws protecting them.
Critique: High worker productivity plus competition between employers is the real reason today’s workers have a decent standard of living. In fact, “pro-worker” laws have dire negative side effects for workers, especially unemployment.
Tenet #2: Strict regulation of immigration, especially low-skilled immigration, prevents poverty and inequality.
Critique: Immigration restrictions massively increase the poverty and inequality of the world – and make the average American poorer in the process. Specialization and trade are fountains of wealth, and immigration is just specialization and trade in labor.
[. . .]
Tenet #5: Increasing education levels is good for society.
Critique: Education is mostly signaling; increasing education is a recipe for credential inflation, not prosperity.
[. . .]
Tenet #8: Overpopulation is a terrible social problem.
Critique: The positive externalities of population – especially idea externalities – far outweigh the negative. Reducing population to help the environment is using a sword to kill a mosquito.
My goal in sharing this is not to wholy convince anyone of Caplan's views. I'm not persuaded by all of them myself. But moreover, I understand how difficult it is to change minds on something so resistant to experimentation and clearly persuasive data. We're mainly left with theorizing. Caplan's list, to me, is a list of underrated explanations for things we observe. For instance, workers' standards of living. The conventional wisdom, that but for government regulation workers would still be dying in mines or there would be child labor, is one theory. And it's true to some (immeasurable) extent. But that would mean we could wipe out poverty by installing American workplace regulations the world over. That doesn't seem like it would solve the problem. Most labor economists would say that government regulation lags the real cause of rising workplace and living standards: "economic growth, which in turn is driven by technological progress, a market system, and a culture of entrepreneurship. As the economy grows, the demand for labor grows, and workers achieve better wages and working conditions." Greg Mankiw goes on: In response to Caplan's assertion that "large group differences persist because groups differ largely in productivity" you charge Caplan as ignorant of history and probably racist. I don't think he's either, but I'd ask you: Why do large group differences exist? That's a sincere, genuine ask. I think the conventional story--institutional and individual sexism and racism--is a theory that explains the state of things to some (immeasurable) extent. But Caplan alludes to another theory: groups have different preferences, affinities, and abilities, largely the result of cosmic forces no one is responsible for. Some of them are uncontroversial, like that women, not men, give birth to children because they have the reproductive organs. Or that men are more often in prison, or on death row, because they are more aggressive and prone to violence than women. More controversial: NYC Mayor Bill de Blasio recently announced plans to eliminate the test that apportions seats to the NYC elite high schools and replace with a system that would offer spots to the top students at every middle school in the city. The reason being that the composition of the elite schools does not mirror or even approximate the racial proportions of New York City's population. For instance, the city's public school are 70% African-American, while the most recent admitted class at Stuyvesant, the flagship of the elite high schools, admitted something like only 10 African-American students. That's a racial injustice, which ought to be remedied. However, Asian-Americans, who comprise 16% of students enrolled in city schools, are 62% of the students enrolled at the elite high schools. The composition of New York City's public schools and its elite high schools would seem to foreclose the argument that institutional racism is responsible, since Asian-Americans, the object of animus and racism for much of American history, are so "overrepresented." If invidious discrimination does not explain every disparity, what does? An underrated source of explanation are that there are differences in preferences or inclinations between groups. I'm hesitant to say exactly what they are because I would only be speculating, and it's controversial enough a point already. However, because something is controversial--radioactive, even--therefore it is untrue in principle? I doubt it. I don't follow Caplan's point on mating markets to speak knowledgeably about it. But, again, if the state of the world is not monocausal, then a full accounting would entail lots of theories and explanations, no matter the derision they're met with because of social taboos or political correctness.Economic studies of unions, for example, find that unionized workers earn about 10 to 20 percent more by virtue of collective bargaining. By contrast, real wages and income per person over the past century have increased several hundred percent, thanks to advances in productivity.
The danger of assholes like Caplan is he can bloviate a bilious bag of bullshit and what you say is "the conventional wisdom" is "one theory." This is the principle problem with economics: any given asshole, with the proper backing, can come up with the idea that "monopolies are good" and a whole bunch of chin-stroking American Enterprise Institute troglodytes will throw eighty eight gajillion dollars at propagating the idea that we haven't beaten this shit into the ground and before too long, here's fucking Ben Shapiro, knowing beyond a reasonable doubt that monopolies are good before he knows beyond a reasonable doubt that soiling his diaper is bad. I mean, fuckin' hell, dude. Google image search: standard of living vs productivity HOLY FUCKING SHIT IT'S AS IF THERE WAS A MASSIVE DECORRELATION THAT PERFECTLY MATCHES CONSERVATIVE ECONOMIC THEORY and you can do this with every single point he makes. Every. Single. Thing. he has to say can be completely discounted and discredited with the barest minimum of effort. It's a fucking house of cards and the really pernicious thing about this shit? You're smart enough to know that. You're smart enough to google this shit yourself. But you don't because there's some smarmy authority figure puckishly arguing that Upton Sinclair was overreacting. Because "work" is a cultural construct and cultures differ. We're just now getting around to the idea that housework is work, despite the fact that we used to sell amphetamines so that women could get through their fucking day. See, this is my problem: this shit is easy but because it's postured as if it's hard you're left agog wondering who said the sky was blue in the first place.Tenet #1: The main reason today’s workers have a decent standard of living is that government passed a bunch of laws protecting them.
Why do large group differences exist?
All I'm hearing from you is that I'm forbidden from thinking these things. And with an urgency that totally confuses me. That workers have become more productive, causing employers to compete for them along axes like higher wages and providing more hospitable working conditions, not only has no explanatory power to you but apparently paints me a mental invalid or worse for thinking, and stupid for falling for. Does that mean people who consider these things are stupid? Even if it somehow did, why would your sanctimony push edge cases like me to your side? You know how hard it is to persuade anti-vaxxers to change their minds with condescension and outrage, and that sort of position actually has clearly persuasive data refuting it. Here we're talking about the economy, something at the edge of our epistemic limits, and I'm getting told I'm stupid for considering critiques 1, 2, 5, and 8 are onto something and worth discussing. I understand that you think Caplan is an invidious, pernicious shit, but surely there are lots of really interesting theories as to why wages and productivity decoupled. And now I don't want to even bring them up because hubski is off limits for this stuff for fear of looking stupid to you. Isn't that precisely Caplan's point? There are group productivity differences not because there's something wrong with black people--a statement nil imputes to Caplan--but because humans are wildly diverse in their preferences, preferences that are psychologically wired to be influenced by our cultural heritages and upbringing, and not because there is a compartmentalized racist shutting seven doors to African-Americans at Stuyvesant but opening four to Asian-Americans.>Why do large group differences exist?
Because "work" is a cultural construct and cultures differ.
The anti-vax analogy is apt. There's an existing body of science that is entirely settled by everyone with any knowledge of the matter, yet a rogue opportunist runs a dishonest study with an n of 6 and all of a sudden we're spending billions re-proving what we already know so that things we beat back through great force of effort decades ago are suddenly infecting young idealists and their children. You are in no way "forbidden from thinking these things." You are, however, entirely deserving of scorn for discarding all intellectual rigor, for accepting it all at face value, for failing to see the rhetorical sleight of hand that produces the framework they hang their ideology on. I haven't taken economics since 1994 and that was like a 200-level class. I've only taken one quarter of statistics. But I can see it's a bunch of assertions and cherry-picked data points simply because I've seen the preponderance of evidence which says the exact opposite of what they say and can find that evidence easily. The difference is I'm looking. you're not. Caplan does not withstand any sort of skeptical scrutiny whatsoever. He's the guy saying anthropocentric global warming is a myth because it snowed last winter. But so many people want to believe that they don't have to feel bad about Walmart workers making nothing that Bjorn Lomborg has a think tank. Thing about the anti-vaxers? They have to Patreon this shit. AEI, just to use one easy example, has 250 people on staff and a budget of $55m. Think all you want but fucking think: Critique: High worker productivity plus competition between employers is the real reason today’s workers have a decent standard of living. In fact, “pro-worker” laws have dire negative side effects for workers, especially unemployment. Caplan's got two links in there but they're not links. They're just his syllabus, which contains no information that he didn't create. Meanwhile, he's arguing that "productivity" and "standard of living" are positively correlated. That's great. That's easy. I can do a google image search on that and find graphs that people who use actual numbers and actual data have assembled to examine this correlation and check it out: The web is full of that graph, or that graph's friends, or that graph's cousins, and I can look at them all and see vetted, scientifically-collected, peer-reviewed data. Then I can go google "worker protections over time" and not do great, but I can know, because I'm a thinking human being, that what Caplan and his ilk mean when they say "worker protections" is "unions" and I can look up "union jobs over time" and I can see this graph and all its friends and all its cousins: So where are we? I'm sure we'll argue whether "per capita income" isn't a direct correlation to "standard of living" and whether Caplan really meant "union participation" when he said "worker protections" because that's the mealy-mouthed shit think tanks like to do - "C02 concentration is not a perfect analog for global temperature increase" and the fact is, a bald-faced lie has just become a disputed fact because they asserted a bunch of horse shit and now we're dickering over what 'union participation' means. Meanwhile, before this bald-faced lie, you were sitting stuck like a patsy thinking that unions are good for workers like your father did and your father's father before him. 'member "truthiness"? The parody there is that sentiment is becoming "fact" because facts are inconvenient and unfashionable. Caplan and crew are what truthiness is all about - here you are, upset that we don't want you believing a bunch of groundless, harmful bullshit just because it happens to be demonstrably untrue. Are you stupid for considering it? No. You're stupid for thinking you're "considering" it when you aren't. You're accepting it. The anti-vax movement is an undiluted evil that has accomplished nothing but division and the outbreak of preventable diseases. It's also a social signifier that broadcasts allegiance to a certain set of values. I'll make you a deal - I'll read your Caplan book as soon as you read The Curse of Bigness and gimme a book report. 'cuz I saw that, too - you take an anti-vax parent and you let them see what being anti-vax means on a practical level and before too long, they're scheduling an MMR. Been there, done that, charged $40 a head. I'n'I be studying the Belle Epoque. In particular, the jewelry of the era and the people it was made for. And you know what? If you were shopping at Cartier in 1910, Upton Sinclair was a rabble-rousing peasant, your world was one of diamonds and platinum. And if you looked at the world in a truthy way, it always would be... ...and may well be again.Tenet #1: The main reason today’s workers have a decent standard of living is that government passed a bunch of laws protecting them.
Others have talked about specific issues with his points, but my main issue is a broader one: he talks about this stuff like it's not itself a religion. The idea that economics as a whole is scientifically rigorous is a very shaky one to me. It's become far too wrapped up in politics, and is about justifying what we already think rather than finding anything new. I don't have a problem making moral arguments about how things should go. I have a problem with people pretending that isn't what they're doing, and instead trying to hide those moral arguments behind a mask of objectivity.
I think you need thick skin to post an article here, because people who disagree with you will usually write you an essay about why. I don't think that culture can easily change, and it's sort of who we are at this point. Personally, I enjoy reading the lengthy comments people leave. I'm wondering if you can expand on yours a bit, though? I'm curious what you have to say about the conversations here, and what you'd like to be different about Hubski's culture!
That's been my main gripe with the site since I joined years ago, and since coming back from hiatus: The general attitude of conversations is often "I disagree with you, and you're dumb for thinking this way." The empirical content of these disagreements is always fantastic (which is a big part of why I enjoy the site), but it's usually interspersed with personal insults and other immature comments. We also have the tendency to submit a singular vision of what's true, which is oftentimes epistemologically dishonest. It sucks that even writing a comment like this, I'm trying to word things very carefully because I know I'm inviting criticism by having an opinion. It sucks that people leave this site forever because they don't have the energy to deal with a disagreement that's full of language designed to humiliate them.
There's an orthodoxy of approved ideas that you can express without much risk of the shouting and name-calling. The users I've noticed quitting are the ones who challenge the "bubble" with contrary ideas. I value civility for its own sake, but also because I want to hear the strongest and best-composed version of the other side's argument, not one distorted by emotion. Intentional or not, vulgarity and aggression are effective techniques to "win" a disagreement by raising the cost to the other side to present their case.It sucks that people leave this site forever
I agree with this, and I think it's especially pronounced in the short term. I also feel that Hubski's daily userbase has shrunk in the last four years. I don't know why (because I wasn't here), but the site has definitely changed from when I was active as a new college student. I'm left wondering how the general tone of discourse has affected user retention over the long term. It doesn't feel like people got tired of it, but we make the site an intimidating place with the takedowns we're talking about, and how Pubski is both the only way for to talk to the community, and scary when you don't know anyone. Is that any one person's fault? No. Are we okay with that? I don't know. It seems that way to me. Should we do something about it? Again, no clue. Curious what your thoughts are.The users I've noticed quitting are the ones who challenge the "bubble" with contrary ideas.
I've been thinking about this comment for a while. From my perspective, Hubski has become a lot more polite than it used to be. "I disagree with you, and you're dumb for thinking this way" is an appropriate response when your counterpart is espousing ideas that are demonstrably wrong. But then, I've been having online debates since before you were born. My first "internet" experience was using an acoustic coupler to dial into the University of Colorado to play a MUD on a terminal whose only output was a daisywheel printer. I missed being OG "eternal September" by a year. And what I've noticed over the past ten years (but not the past twenty, and not the past 25) is the retreat of anyone over 30. It didn't used to be this way. It started when GenZ hit college. Because here's the thing: you can be wrong. People are wrong all the time. And when they're wrong, and they're asking questions as to whether they're right, they need to be told they're wrong. When they're holding opinions that you judge to be harmful and toxic, they need to be told they're wrong in such a way that the toxicity is front-and-center. This has been accepted social conversational doctrine my entire life; it was the basis of every single-camera and multi-camera sitcom going back to I Love Lucy. It's the core of Nancy Reagan's Just Say No. It's the basis of Dennis Leary's career. But a funny thing happened about 2010, 2011. Conversations on the internet started demanding that both sides are always right, and that if one side has absolutely all the facts, they still need to politely assert that they don't have all the facts lest the other side stop listening because their feelings are hurt. I didn't really grasp why until I'd been back to college, until I'd seen my kid start school, until I had reason to explore the pedagogy of education in these United States and what I discovered is that a doctrine of exploration and self-education has, in most school districts, become an insistence that no one is ever wrong. Whatever ideas you may have, they automatically have merit through the simple act of holding them and if those ideas are to be discounted, they must be discounted by the holder, on the holder's terms, for reasons that are valid only to the holder. For my part, I came to Hollywood in 2007 and was immediately sheep-dipped into a culture where the people who are wrong are wrong immediately, they are wrong incontrovertibly and the sooner we can get things right the less money we lose because there are 28 people and millions of dollars of gear waiting on your mistake. You can get over your butt-hurt later because we've got shit to do. Your assessment of the world is not the core issue here, it's the broader context and your place in it is entirely optional because there's a long line of people behind you who will do your job without getting wrapped up in whether or not you were right to have your feelings hurt. Likewise, my wife's profession involves life safety and regular discussions with emergency rooms and aid cars. She is surrounded by students who have opinions, who have their knowledge, who have their confidence, and are not going to be walked through whether or not an iron level of 18 should go to the ER "in their opinion" because somebody could die and somebody else has the expertise to answer the question. And you can't fight the tape. The world is definitely heading towards safe spaces where we never confront each other over our racism or ageism or anything else because that's not the sort of shit you do face-to-face and person-to-person, you see, if you want to strike a blow for social justice you do it by ratioing Twitter threads. You do it by regramming. You do it through in-jokes and memes that Vice will wring their hands over obliquely. Actually telling someone they're wrong? In a conversation? Perish the thought. So those of us who remember? Those of us who know? We're left with a choice - figure out how to tell you that you're wrong in such a way that your feelings aren't hurt... or find something better to do. One of the things that bugged the shit out of me when I was your age was people who said "when I was your age." What bugged me more was people who would say "you'll understand when you're older." It's intellectually lazy. It's an appeal to authority based on nothing more than hang time. It's "respect your elders" without any underpinning justification. But it's also a cry for help - it's a statement that "I don't know why you're wrong, but you're wrong, fucking listen to me because I've been around the sun a couple dozen more times than you have and that ought to count for something." I maintained then and I maintain now that an idea needs to stand on its own, regardless of who puts it forth. What I've learned by growing gray hairs, however, is that it's an instinct borne of the knowledge that simply being ass-in-seat for longer will teach you something, even if you can't elucidate it, even if you can't share it, even if you can't describe it. "Respect your elders" is ultimately based on the same sentiment as Neils Bohr's quote "an expert is someone who has made every mistake there is to make in a narrow field." You might not be able to explain why your opinion is right and their opinion is wrong based solely on the fact that they're half your age, but prejudicially speaking, at least, you've had longer to change your mind. A lot of people don't have the patience to constantly reframe an argument in their opponent's terms. "You're right, but also impolite about it" has become the most common refrain I've seen over the past ten years whereas the 20 years before that were full of "you're full of shit, let me count the ways, asshole." I'll take the profanity, thanks; it doesn't immediately shift the conversation to whether or not the information was presented in the proper tone of voice. Most people? Given the choice between having a conversation at a tenor that satisfies the other person no matter how wrong they are or silence? They'll pick silence. And that's how a whole new generation of kids are growing up with the idea that unions are useless, that public school doesn't matter, that feminism is irrelevant, that you're entitled to believe measles is better than measles vaccines. Because those of us who can argue the opposite have given up the effort of explaining it to you because you reject that there can be one right answer. Have given up on defending our certainty of knowledge because we've had this fight since you were born. Have given up on educating the youth because the youth don't want to be educated, they want to be patronized. Because if the only people you're willing to listen to are the ones who are speaking in your approved tone of voice, the only people you'll hear are the ones you agree with.
Thank you for putting into words what I have been going through personally in regards to the internet over the last at least 5-6 years. Funny, now that you mention it, where are all the old farts on the internet? Where did they go? How is it that a whole class of people can just stop interacting and nobody noticed? Suddenly, I don't feel like the grumpy old codger of an asshole I have been dealing with as I walk away from the toxic swirling drain of garbage that is the Internet. Nothing in the online space is really worth the bullshit any more and I have better stuff to do that is actually worth spending my time on. Your words have helped me and for that I will be eternally grateful. Be well.But then, I've been having online debates since before you were born. My first "internet" experience was using an acoustic coupler to dial into the University of Colorado to play a MUD on a terminal whose only output was a daisywheel printer. I missed being OG "eternal September" by a year. And what I've noticed over the past ten years (but not the past twenty, and not the past 25) is the retreat of anyone over 30. It didn't used to be this way. It started when GenZ hit college.
So those of us who remember? Those of us who know? We're left with a choice - figure out how to tell you that you're wrong in such a way that your feelings aren't hurt... or find something better to do.
This sums up pretty exactly what growing up in a fundamentalist conservative christian household is like. There are things you just don't question and if you even try, the resulting discussion is so bad-faith and full of rabbit holes that you might as well not even bother. Unless you can find someone your parents already think speaks the gospel truth, you'll never convince them of anything, and even if you do the odds are that they'll denounce that person too. I'm trying to learn how to speak more confidently and y'all (and especially KB) have definitely helped me see how that can look. (Although I don't think the bombast-and-cursing style will ever quite work for me!)
You picked a good time to take a break. The Calamity of 2016 has been the focus of attention since then, and Hubski is subject to the same issues that affect other places of online public conversations. I made a suggestion, but I don't think there's any good fix. The strength of a public site comes from attracting new perspectives, but an open door also attracts spammers and show-offs. I don't know how any kind of user-based moderation can be structured without it becoming a scoreboard. Quarrels are always crowd-pleasers, so I figure people are getting what they come for, and I accept that Hubski is as good as it gets.
I refer, of course, to the disastrous late-night liquidation of my 209 shares of D, acquired with little apparent risk at prices ranging from 69-91¢, decimating the balance I built up with months of careful trading. Recovery has been slow. I am now up $2.20 on a $6.30 bet against impeachment, up $0.80 from $1.52 on Biden and down almost 50% on a hopeful $1.08 long shot position against Maduro.
You put together a long, thoughtful reply to the post which indulged very little in emotional language. I note it is the only comment that got a long, thoughtful reply from blackbootz. I am sorry to see that your conversation did not continue. I won't speculate on the mental state of others, but my frustration with these conversations is entirely due to the lack of calm, clearly-expressed disagreement.Personally, I think it's extremely difficult to talk about politics without getting somewhat emotional.
Do you expect an essay in Chicago-style format? I suspect maybe you agree with Caplan's points and are more upset most people in this thread are disagreeing.
I can speak only for myself, but my lack of "calm, clearly-expressed disagreement" is due to the fact that the arguments put forth - often the arguments you put forth yourself - are deliberately disingenuous and manipulative. You seldom argue a point, you generally argue around a point. If someone argues that sunflower seeds are predominantly black, you will argue that the petals of the sunflower are widely acknowledged to be yellow therefore one cannot assert with any certainty that the seeds are black (latin phrase with link). I know you're smarter than this, and I know you're better at argumentation, but it's the easy thing, it's the accepted thing, it's the standard tactic of the conservative propagandist without facts on his side. More than that, you're more likely to range far afield the less intelligent you've judged your opponent to be. Again, speaking only for myself, I'm not going to calmly walk through whether or not sunflower petals are yellow when the only reason we're talking about them is that you refuse to discuss sunflower seeds. Especially when your go-to trope is "nobody else is willing to discuss my off-topic nonsense calmly and rationally."
You are wise to consider Caplan merely a source of additional explanations that might contribute to our understanding of these complex systems, and not an infallible speaker of truth. He's only human, despite his reputation as a superforecaster. Yes, it's true that he wins all his bets (updated scorecard shows 17 W 0 L), but many of them were strategically made with ideologically-driven attention seekers who reflexively (often aggressively) reject any ideas that challenge their preconceived notions. I do respect someone willing to make predictions. Making a clear prediction entails the risk of being wrong. If we can never be sure when you are wrong, how can we know if you are ever right? It seems to me that people avoid making clear, measurable predictions. Making a wager is an even stronger claim. Not only does it answer the "talk is cheap" objection, it provides a way of keeping score. Even four tenets are a lot to cover. Let's look at #1. First of all, is it true that today's workers have a decent standard of living? That's a relative judgment, and the economist is apt to ask, "Compared to what?" Taking the wide view, we can look over the long stretch of history and see great improvements in living standards, especially in industrial societies. Life in a Medieval City was featured in Bookperk yesterday as a $2 e-book. It was a source for the Game of Thrones author and has been great. The authors describe regular life in Troyes, France circa 1250. A well-off burgher (bourgeoisie) family lives in a three-level wooden house. At dinner time, almost all light comes from the fireplace, as candles are too expensive and the windows are covered with oiled parchment (glass was so precious, even great nobles took their glazed casements with them as they moved among their estates). Everyone shares a cup with their neighbor, so it is good manners to wipe your mouth (on the tablecloth) before taking a sip. Pepper is "just costly enough to be a rich man's table seasoning" and ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon and other expensive imports are secured in a locked cupboard. And these are the city dwellers fortunate enough to practice a trade, country people have to make their own clothes, starting with spinning their own thread. Even this sounds good compared to earlier agrarian life, when much of the day was spent minding labor and food animals. Books about energy by Richard Rhodes and Vaclav Smil described a constantly increasing quantity of energy harnessed by humans to make life more bearable, going from muscle power to animal power to mechanical power with ever greater efficiency and capacity. Improvements in life quality are notoriously hard to measure, like pain at the doctor's office, but even the most nostalgic Luddite would be unlikely to find contentment in the world of 1250, or even 1800. (As demonstrated by the small number of people who choose to live without life's modern conveniences.) How about life at the workplace? Discontent is immortal, but today we hear complaints about "bullshit" desk jobs without meaning or warehouse work without air conditioning, when meaningful, hazardous jobs without air conditioning used to be commonplace in agriculture, construction, seafaring and mining. The disputed tenet is that the standard of living of workers is decent because "government passed a bunch of laws protecting them." Even finding correlations can be difficult, so coming up with explanations that will convince anyone is probably hopeless. Regulation may, as you mention, lag behind the leading edge of rising standards, but it may also have the benefit of "regularizing" a new practice in workplace safety and, importantly, enforcing the standard rather than passively waiting for every business that locks the factory doors to go out of business when a fire kills all the employees. Good regulations could set an example for other authorities to follow and raise expectations of what is considered acceptable. If only the unintended consequences and unseen effects were not so often negative. But Caplan speaks of the "main reason" and "high worker productivity" is undeniably a beneficial influence. Workers who can produce more value (with a plow instead of a stick, with a horse instead of without, with a tractor instead of a horse, or now with a fleet of GPS-enabled tractors) are typically able to capture more of that value, as shown by the pre-1970 income charts. What’s happened since 1970 should be the topic of another post, but even the most pessimistic accounts seem to be that incomes are not growing like they used to, that after being adjusted for inflation, incomes are now “stagnant” rather than growing. Given the tremendous value added by the tech companies (scorned, as usual, by their most avid consumers), it's hard to imagine anyone preferring to go back fifty years with the same (adjusted) income. Competition between employers is so not often recognized, especially since most people have experience as employees but not as employers. It's often noted that employers pay as little as possible, but not mentioned that they don't dare pay any less than that because a mobile workforce is always ready to switch to Plan B. Minimum wage is the much-discussed exception, the law that enables (or forces) an employer to hire the less needy, more advantaged, higher-skilled applicant from the excess supply of applicants that is the predicted result of a price floor. The Jungle was not assigned in my public high school so I did not read it until this year. One of the reasons I so enjoy social novels is that they remind me how good I have it with access to a motor vehicle, smoke detectors, reliable refrigeration, daily hot showers, electric lights in every room and a flush toilet.
Hi. I'm more drunk than usual? ANd I haven't had a lot of sleep And I need to get up in the morning so this will be more terse than usual BUt HOLY FUCKING SHIT dude, You just reached back to the MAGNA FUCKING CARTA to prove a libertarian talking point. Electric FUCKING light is 700yearsinthefuckingfuture in your account. fuckingSTEAMENGINES? FiveHUNDREDyearsout The year you choose to argue Is closer to the FALL OF FUCKING ROME than the fall of the twin towers.