I guess there's no mystery then, the moon was in front of the sun, but the exposed solar edge was bright enough to dazzle your camera and provide apparent daylight. The lesson is that we should not compare 100% sun to 2% sun, we should compare 2% sun to 0% sun. I took a test photo directly at the sun just now using the front camera of my iPhone 5s and compared the exposure settings to your image. flagamuffin
iPhone 6
Software 8.2
ISO 32
Exposure Mode Auto
Exposure Program Program Normal
Metering Mode Multi-segment
Exposure Time 33333/1000000 (0.0333)
FNumber F2.2
Focal Length 2.65 mm
Despite shooting through a dirty office window, my exposure was over a hundred times shorter than yours, suggesting a much brighter sun. wasoxygen
iPhone 5s
Software 8.1.3
ISO 50
Exposure Mode Auto
Exposure Program Program Normal
Metering Mode Multi-segment
Exposure Time 187/1000000 (0.000187)
FNumber F2.4
Focal Length 2.15 mm