how will these non-biological changes take place from an economic standpoint?

I think what we will see is first a transition to wearable computing (which is already starting to happen); followed in the late 2020s/2030s to a transition to "internal computing". So the "iphone" "ipad" or "google glass" of the 2030s will be internal (whatever the product is that you will be marketed).

these augmentations will be offered by companies competing for customer's attention and perhaps money.

I think that is undoubtedly true. Several problems arise from this - they are transhuman philosophical problems - which is why transhumanist philosophy is so important to study.

To be honest, some of the problems these technologies present are already with us. For example, does my smart phone and constant access to the Internet give me a massive intellectual and economic advantage over those that don't have access to either? I think the answer is yes. This will be magnified in the 2030s when the computational process is internal - essentially making me "super human" (or what we conceptualize today as super human). But hopefully the lag (or diffusion time) of these technologies will be short (on the scale of less than a decade). That is at least to be expected from the speed of information technology diffusion today.

just to contrast how far science shows for kids have come in a relatively short time.

The Ratchet at work! (Magnified by exponential technological change of course.)